CSCI 261 - Programming Concepts - Summer 2019

// this is a single line comment

/*
 *  this is a block comment that
 *  can span several lines
 */

// place all header files you've written together, in alphabetical order
// include on the header files you need
#include "Functions.h"      // be sure to ONLY include the header
                            // files and not the implementation files
#include "Class.h"

// place all C++ standard libraries together, in alphabetical order
// include only the libraries you need
#include <fstream>        // for file streams (ifstream, ofstream)
#include <iomanip>          // for I/O Manipulators (precision, aligning, etc.)
#include <iostream>         // for standard input/output
#include <string>           // for string library
#include <vector>           // for vector library
using namespace std;        // we are using the standard namespace

// place all C standard libraries together, in alphabetical order
// include only the libraries you need
#include <cctype>           // for tolower(), isalpha(), etc.
#include <cmath>            // for sqrt(), pow(), sin(), etc.
#include <cstdlib>          // for srand(), rand()
#include <ctime>            // for time()

/*
 * any variables defined above main() are in global scope and can be
 *  accessed anywhere.  This is BAD.  Only declare & define constants
 *  in global scope.
 */
const double PI_VALUE = 3.1415926535;

// structs are named using UpperSnakeCase to denote it is a datatype
struct ClassRoom {
  string buildingName;
  int roomNumber;
};

// every program must have a main() function
//  - it is the entry point to our program
int main() {                        // the curly brace begins a new code block
  srand( time(0) );                 // seed the RNG - do this once per program as first statement

  // indent the contents of a code block a single tab length

  // Template for variable declaration
  //        anything inside of [brackets] is optional
  // Version1: [modifiers] dataType identifierName [= initialValue];
  // Version2: [modifiers] dataType identifierName[(initialValue)];

  int ageOfColosseum;               // declare a variable
                                    // use lowerCamelCase to make a descriptive variable name
  ageOfColosseum = 1940;            // define a variable (assign a value)

  int numRomanEmperors = 71;        // declare and define a variable in one line

  const int VATICAN_BUILT = 1626;   // declare and define a constant
                                    // must define a constant when it is defined
                                    // use UPPER_SNAKE_CASE to make a descriptive constant name

  // declare (and define) multiple variables of the same type at once
  char firstInitial = 'I', secondInitial('T'), currentEmperorInitial;

  cout << "The Colosseum was built in 70-80 A.D. and is "
       << ageOfColosseum << " years old." << endl;
  cout << endl;

  // when  prompting the user to enter a value via cin, preceed the input with a prompt
  //    using cout so the user knows what to enter
  int currentYear;
  cout << "Please enter the current 4 digit year (e.g. 1999): ";
  cin >> currentYear;
  cout << "St. Peter's Basilica was built in " << VATICAN_BUILT
       << " and is " << (currentYear - VATICAN_BUILT) << " years old." << endl;

  if( currentYear >= 2400 ) {
    // indent the contents of a new code block
    cout << "Duck Dodgers of the 24th and a Half Century!" << endl;
  } else if( currentYear >= 2000 ) {    // place else if and else on the same line the prior code block ends
    cout << "In the year 2000, robots will do 80% of the work. - Conan O'Brien." << endl;
  } else {
    // use curly braces to denote a code block for if/else if/else even if the code
    //     block only has one statement
    cout << "Let's party like it's 1999. - Prince" << endl;
  }

  for( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
    // indent the contents of a new code block
    // use a code block for a for loop even if it contains only a single statement
    cout << i << endl;
  }

  char userResponse;
  do {
    cout << "Enter a letter (q to quit): ";
    cin >> userResponse;
  } while( userResponse != 'q' );   // place the while on the same line as the end of the do

  // for function calls, add spaces within the () and after each argument
  cout << "5 + 3 = " << add( 5, 3 ) << endl;
  cout << "5 - 3 = " << sub( 5, 3 ) << endl;

  ClassRoom lectureLab;             // create a variable of our custom struct type
  lectureLab.building = "Brown";    // access components of a structure using dot operator
  lectureLab.roomNumber = 316;

  cout << "The length of the building name is: "
       << lectureLab.building.length()      // access string functions with dot operator
       << endl;

  // Template for vector declaration
  //        anything inside of [brackets] is optional
  // Version1: [const] vector< dataType > identifierName;
  // Version2: [const] vector< dataType > identifierName[(initialSize)];
  // Version3: [const] vector< dataType > identifierName[(initialSize, initialValue)];
  vector<int> numbers;        // create an empty vector of integers
  numbers.push_back( 5 );           // add the value 5 to the vector
  numbers.at( 0 ) = 6;              // access individual elements using the at() function

  Calculator fourFunctionCalc( 4.5, 3.5 );  // object names follow lowerCamelCase
  cout << fourFunctionCalc.getLeftHandSide() << " + " << fourFunctionCalc.getRightHandSide() << " = "
       << fourFunctionCalc.add() << endl;
  fourFunctionCalc.setLeftHandSide( 13.0 );
  fourFunctionCalc.setRightHandSide( 1.5 );
  cout << fourFunctionCalc.getLeftHandSide() << " / " << fourFunctionCalc.getRightHandSide() << " = "
       << fourFunctionCalc.divide() << endl

  return 0;                         // alert the OS our program exited with result 0 (success)
}   // the curly brace ends the code block that it corresponds to
    // every open brace needs a matching end brace        

// place header guards around all your header files
// make the name of the file the name of the value to test for
// use UPPER_SNAKE_CASE for your definition value
#ifndef FUNCTIONS_H         // ask compiler if FUNCTIONS_H has been
#define FUNCTIONS_H         // if not, define FUNCTIONS_H

// place ALL function prototypes into the header file

// adds two integers together
int add( int x, int y );

// subtracts two integers, y from x (x-y)
int sub( int x, int y );

#endif // FUNCTIONS_H       // ends the corresponding #ifndef        

#include "Functions.h"          // include the file with the corresponding prototypes

int add( int x, int y ) {       // function definition
  return x + y;
}

int sub( int x, int y ) {
  return x - y;
}        

// place header guards around all your header files
// make the name of the file the name of the value to test for
// use UPPER_SNAKE_CASE for your definition value
#ifndef CLASSNAME_H                 // ask compiler if CLASSNAME_H has been
#define CLASSNAME_H                 // if not, define CLASSNAME_H

// place a single Class declaration into its own file

class Calculator {                  // class names follow UpperCamelCase
public:
  Calculator();                     // provide a default constructor
  Calculator(double, double);       // provide a parameterized constructor

  // create getters and setters (if appropriate) for your private data members
  double getLeftHandSide() const;   // getters are const functions
  void setLeftHandSide(double);

  double getRightHandSide() const;
  void setRightHandSide(double);

  // add any other related functions and mark as const if they do not change the callee
  double add() const;
  double subtract() const;
  double multiply() const;
  double divide() const;

private:
  double _leftHandSide;             // private data members begin with underscore _
  double _rightHandSide;
};

#endif // CLASSNAME_H               // ends the corresponding #ifndef        

#include "Class.h"          // include the file with the corresponding prototypes

Calculator::Calculator() {
  _leftHandSide = 1;
  _rightHandSide = 1;
}

Calculator::Calculator( double lhs, double rhs ) {
  _leftHandSide = lhs;
  _rightHandSide = rhs;
}

double Calculator::getLeftHandSide() const {
  return _leftHandSide;
}
void Calculator::setLeftHandSide(double lhs) {
  _leftHandSide = lhs;
}

double Calculator::getRightHandSide() const {
  return _rightHandSide;
}
void Calculator::setRightHandSide(double rhs) {
  _rightHandSide = rhs;
}

double Calculator::add() const {
  return _leftHandSide + _rightHandSide;
}

double Calculator::subtract() const {
  return _leftHandSide - _rightHandSide;
}

double Calculator::multiply() const {
  return _leftHandSide * _rightHandSide;
}

double Calculator::divide() const {
  if( _rightHandSide != 0 ) {
    return _leftHandSide / _rightHandSide;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}